Benign Sporadic Adenoma Recurrence After Endoscopic or Surgical Ampullectomy

Recurrence rates for benign sporadic adenomas did not differ when treated with endoscopic vs. surgical ampullectomy, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 studies. Researchers from the Cleveland Clinic Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute’s Center for Advanced Endoscopy presented the findings of this review at Digestive Disease Week 2021.

Benign sporadic ampullary adenomas occur in patients without an adenomatous polyposis syndrome and have the potential to become ampullary carcinomas. For this reason, excision remains best practice. Endoscopic approaches are the most commonly used, with surgical approaches deemed appropriate for larger lesions, lesions with early cancer or adenomas extending inside the bile or pancreatic duct.

“The trend, where expertise is available, is toward more endoscopic ampullectomies, and we do have good data on the clinical outcomes of this approach,” says advanced endoscopist Prabhleen Chahal, MD, Program Director of the Advanced Endoscopy Fellowship in the Department of Gastroenterology at Cleveland Clinic, “but we don’t have long-term data on whether method of excision has an impact on recurrence.”

Study design and results

To fill this void in the literature, the research team, including Rajat Garg, MD, incoming gastroenterology fellow at Cleveland Clinic, conducted a comprehensive literature search using Cochrane, PubMed, Google scholar and Medline databases to identify any studies of endoscopic or surgical excision of sporadic ampullary adenomas that reported outcomes.

The final analysis included a total of 27 studies with 1,064 patients (741 endoscopic, 323 surgical), with a median patient age of 64 in the endoscopic group and 62.6 in the surgical group. The one-year pooled recurrence rate for endoscopic ampullectomy was 16.2 (95%, confidence interval [CI], 12.7-20.4, I2=19.6) versus 12.3 for surgical cases (95% CI, 8.5-17.4, I2 = 0.6, P = 0.2). At two years, the rate was 16.48 for endoscopic (95% CI, 11.28,-23.43, I2 = 40.6%), compared with 12.8 (95% CI, 8.42-18.98, I2=9.8%, P = 0.36).

The recurrence rate after three years was 18.89 for endoscopic procedures (95% CI, 12.89-26.83, I2=13.5%) versus 11.58 for surgical procedures (95% CI, 7.48-17.49, I2=5.5%) but was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Only one study reported five-year recurrence rates for surgical ampullectomy, so a five-year comparison could not be established. Gender, age and size of lesion were not significant predictors of recurrence at any time interval.

Tracking outcomes in the future

“The study shows that, early on, there isn’t really a difference, but recurrence started trending up with endoscopic procedures at three years,” says Dr. Chahal. “That trend didn’t reach statistical significance, but the data simply doesn’t exist to determine whether that trend continues and does eventually become significant.” At Cleveland Clinic, a multidisciplinary team including a pancreatic surgeon reviews all patients who need ampullectomy before proceeding with endoscopic or surgical removal.