Guidelines for Asthma Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic

By Mark A. Aronica, MD and David Lang, MD

There has been concern expressed both by patients and caregivers related to asthma management and the implications of providing oral steroids during an asthma exacerbation during this pandemic. Some of the concern is based on data from the MERS-CoV outbreak in which steroids seemed to worsen the disease process in patients already in the ICU setting with MERS-CoV. It is important to note that even in this select population, mortality rates did not differ by corticosteroid use when adjusted by time-varying confounders.1

Steroids and COVID-19 pathology

More recent data from Wuhan, China, the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak, suggests that steroids have minimal impact on the disease process. A small study in patients with the COVID-19 infection in patients taking chronic steroids for other indications and without pneumonia/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) indicated no benefit/no harm. There was a small signal suggesting patients with chronic hepatitis B may have had a delayed clearance of the virus.2

In contrast, in patients with ARDS related to COVID-19 data have been mixed, with one early study suggesting no benefit but the potential for harm.3 However, a recent report in JAMA indicated that patients who developed ARDS were older, had more comorbidities, were less likely to be treated with anti-virals, and more likely to have been treated with methylprednisolone at time of admission. Patients who received methylprednisolone treatment were much more likely to develop ARDS likely owing to confounding by indication; specifically, sicker patients were more likely to be given methylprednisolone. However, administration of methylprednisolone appeared to reduce the risk of death in patients with ARDS.4 (Note: in contrast to the Lancet guidelines reported above.)

It is important to note that these are sick, hospitalized patients with known disease.

Interestingly, the epidemiologic data seems to suggest that patients with asthma may have some protection against developing severe disease. Epidemiologic data from Wuhan suggests patients with asthma and allergies as well as COPD were under-represented in patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 infection.5 In a larger study with over 1,000 patients, they concluded that the “new 2019-nCoV epidemic is mainly associated with respiratory disease and few extrapulmonary signs. However, there is a low rate of associated pre-existing respiratory comorbidities.” 6,7

Concerns related to asthma exacerbation

Independent of the epidemiologic data above, an additional concern may be expressed regarding the risk of the virus causing an asthma exacerbation. Neither SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have been associated with asthma exacerbations, however, there are non-pandemic coronaviruses that circulate that have been reported to cause asthma exacerbations.

Inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy in patients with persistent asthma, and oral corticosteroids are indicated and can be potentially lifesaving in patients with asthma exacerbations and often prevent patients from seeking ED or outpatient visits. Limiting ED or outpatient clinic exposure is a priority during the current pandemic.

Key takeaways

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection include fever (88%), fatigue (38%), dry cough (67%), shortness of breath (18%) and myalgias (15%).7 The overwhelming majority of asthmatics who experience an exacerbation will not have fever, fatigue or myalgias.

Based on the above available information in our asthma patients reassurance can be provided to maintain their current asthma regimen — including regular use of inhaled steroids. In patients who present with their “typical” asthma exacerbation symptoms and do not have fever, anorexia or myalgias to suggest possible COVID-19, providing them the usual standard of care for their asthma is supported and warranted to prevent worsening of exacerbation leading to ED visits. Finally, if a patient with asthma and COVID-19 is admitted to the hospital, the standard of care should still be maintained for their underlying disease process.

Dr. Lang is Chairman of the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in the Respiratory Institute at Cleveland Clinic.

Dr. Aronica is Vice Chair of the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. He is also Staff in the Department of Inflammation and Immunity in Lerner Research Institute.

References

1. Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):757-67.
2. Medical Journal of Australia –Pre print available at https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/2020-03/mja20.00210_preprint.pdf
3. Lancet, Vol 395, Issue 10223. Feb. 2020 pgs. 473-475.
4. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA-Internal Medicine March 13, 2020. online
5. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020 Feb 19.
6. 2019-novel coronavirus outbreak: A new challenge.J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020 Mar 7. S2213-7165(20)30050-3 [Epub ahead of print]
7. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020.