Diffuse alveolar damage in acute respiratory distress syndrome
For most patients who are infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (the disease caused by this virus is referred to as COVID-19), symptoms are typically mild-to-moderate, often restricted to the upper respiratory system. However, in more severe cases, patients can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to a worse prognosis.
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The onset of ARDS, a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, begins with viral entry into alveolar pneumocytes, which line the alveoli, the gas exchange units of the lungs. These cells are also vulnerable to infection from influenza. The alveolus resembles a balloon-like structure (featured in the video), which facilitates gas exchange in the lungs. However, once the virus permeates this sac, the cells will eventually experience apoptosis, triggering cell death in that alveolar unit, as well as adjacent units. This process leads to diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), injuring the capillaries that deliver oxygen to the rest of the body, as well as other cells in the alveoli.
The damage to capillaries and other alveolar cells in DAD combines to produce a form of debris known as hyaline membranes, a key pathologic feature of the disease. The thickening of the alveolar wall impedes diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries, making it very difficult for patients to breathe. Patients with DAD also experience acute edema and inflammation. This process is thought to be the underlying basis of the development of ARDS in patients with COVID-19.
In addition to disruptions in alveolar-capillary permeability, ARDS is characterized by reduced alveolar clearance and collapse, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced compliance, the development of edema, and gas exchange abnormalities. It can necessitate extra corporeal membrane oxygenation or transplant. It can also cause cerebrovascular injury, which may be more common in the setting of COVID-19 according to a 2022 comparison of brain MRI findings led by Cleveland Clinic physicians.
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