The Impact of Multigene Panel Testing on Surgical Decisions for Breast Cancer Patients

Testing for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes has been routine for women diagnosed with breast cancer who have risk factors for hereditary breast or ovarian cancer. In consultation with genetic counselors and physicians, positive results for BRCA1/2 inform a woman’s treatment decisions. Women with positive genetic test results who choose to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) may reduce their risk of dying from breast cancer.

Many additional genes have been found to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and in the past several years, multigene panel testing (MPT) has become common for this population. MPT can provide women who are diagnosed with breast cancer valuable knowledge about their hereditary risk. However, patients may be confused by the implications of positive results to variants of low or moderate penetrance. Findings that show variants of uncertain significance (VUS), which are mutations that have an unknown effect on protein function, may also confuse patients. Recent research at Cleveland Clinic sought to address concerns that positive results from MPT might cause women to choose CPM even when their overall risk profile does not indicate a strong necessity for such treatment.

“We investigated the hypothesis that multigene panel testing in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not result in an inappropriately high rate of bilateral mastectomy when patients are provided pre- and post-test genetic counseling,” says lead researcher Holly Pederson, MD, Director of Medical Breast Services at Cleveland Clinic’s Breast Center. Dr. Pederson presented the results of the study at the Southern Surgical Association Conference on December 5.

Study design and findings

Dr. Pederson and her team conducted a retrospective electronic medical records-based study of women who were treated for triple negative breast cancer at Cleveland Clinic and who underwent MPT between Sept. 2013 and Feb. 2017. “We chose to investigate patients with TNBC since the majority of these patients qualify for genetic counseling, and their surgical choices are not as likely to be influenced by tumor-biology-related factors,” says Dr. Pederson.

The study identified 331 patients with TNBC who met the criteria for genetic counseling, and 226 opted for genetic testing (MPT – 130, BRCA1/2 – 96). All of the patients received genetic counseling before the tests, and patients with significant results were also counseled afterward. Results were as follows:

• Pathogenic mutations (Mut+) in BRCA1/2 or PALB2 were found in 29 (12.8 percent) of patients, and 88 percent of the Mut+ patients underwent CPM.
• VUS were detected in 42 (18.6 percent) of patients, and 21.4 percent of VUS+ patients underwent CPM.
• No mutations (Mut-) were found in 155 (68.6 percent), and 20.1 percent of Mut- patients underwent CPM.

The decision to undergo CPM did not differ significantly between VUS+ and Mut- (P = 0.368) patients, within different age groups (< 40, 40-60 and > 60 years). Within the VUS+ group, Caucasians were more likely to choose CPM than other races (25.8 percent vs 9.1 percent), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.162).

In five patients, MPT showed non-breast cancer related genetic alterations that were clinically actionable. Following is a summary of those findings:

Implications

“We are seeing a shifting paradigm away from single syndrome testing and towards next generation sequencing of multiple genes in clinical cancer genetics,” says Dr. Pederson. “This is particularly important for patients with triple negative breast cancer as mutations are not uncommon and can inform surgical decision making.”

The study found that with appropriate genetic counseling, detection of VUS — which are more common in gene panels — did not lead to excessive rates of CPM.

Dr. Pederson adds that in this study, MPT allowed for the identification of other gene mutations that supported management of the patients and their family members.