Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing

By Loutfi S. Aboussouan, MD, FCCP, and Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila, MD

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More than 40 percent of patients with neuromuscular disease suffer from sleep-disordered breathing events. The more advanced the disorder, the higher the prevalence of sleep-related breathing issues from common neuromuscular disease features like anatomic or neurologic propensity to obstructive sleep apnea, potential cardiomyopathy and diaphragmatic weakness.

In a recent review in CHEST, we discuss common pathophysiology we see in our neuromuscular diseases clinic, which incorporates expert physicians from Cleveland Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center, Respiratory Institute and Neurological Institute as well as experienced respiratory and physical therapists.

Sleep and neuromuscular disease

Patients with neuromuscular disease often exhibit varying degrees of restrictive physiology on pulmonary function testing. Lung restriction typically begins early in the disease course with a decrease in vital and inspiratory capacities. Further reduction of the vital capacity in the supine position and a decrease in chest wall compliance contribute to this restrictive physiology.

Respiration is particularly vulnerable during sleep when lung volumes are further reduced due to the combined effects of the neuromuscular disease, the supine position and the physiologic processes of sleep itself. Patients with neuromuscular disease are more vulnerable to the normal loss of inspiratory intercostal muscle tone during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Reduced chemosensitivity and reduced activity of pharyngeal dilators during sleep also compromise respiration during REM sleep.

A variety of sleep-disordered conditions are associated with the various neuromuscular diseases. These are highlighted in the table below, along with the mechanisms responsible for the development of these complications. The table is intended to be representative rather than exhaustive.

Types of sleep-disordered breathing in representative neuromuscular conditions categorized by site of disease.

Treating sleep-disordered breathing

We use a specific protocol to analyze patients with neuromuscular disease who undergo a sleep study. Our hypoventilation protocol includes transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide levels and is specifically designed to address both obstructive events and hypoventilation.

We also work to reduce treatment burden on our patients. Many of our patients, especially those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), face multiple therapies and appointments. Accordingly, our neuromuscular clinic coordinates with the multidisciplinary ALS/motor neuron disease clinic of the Neuromuscular Center so that visits with physiatrists, social workers, therapists, neuromuscular and pulmonary physicians and pulmonary function testing are accomplished in a single day.

Our clinic specializes in providing all modalities of invasive and noninvasive ventilation. We use noninvasive mechanical ventilation and tailor the therapy to the patient’s needs. Our aim is to maintain patient autonomy and allow mobility, travel and speech. We also use various interfaces (oral, nasal, full face masks) and modes (volume- or pressure-controlled modes, including some automatic algorithms like Average Volume Assured Pressure Support [AVAPS]). We evaluate adherence and adjust the settings based on clinical signs, measurement of end tidal CO2 and nocturnal pulse oximetry. We use polysomnography to adjust settings in patients with complex issues. We monitor our patients carefully in the context of bulbar and cardiac dysfunction.

Attention to other pulmonary issues

In addition to sleep-related respiratory issues, our clinic focuses on secretion management and airway clearance. Much of the morbidity of neuromuscular diseases is related to the buildup of secretions and difficulties in their management. Options include control of secretions at their source (such as nasal spray), use of mucolytic agents that may reduce their viscosity (including nebulized treatments) and mechanical options that may facilitate their clearance (such as oscillatory valves or vest and cough-assist devices).

For a more in-depth discussion of sleep disorders associated with neuromuscular disease, their polysomnographic features, and treatment, read our full review in CHEST.

Dr. Aboussouan is staff in the Respiratory and Neurological Institutes and the Sleep Disorders Center. Dr. Mireles-Cabodevila is staff in the Respiratory Institute.