Standardizing Methods Is Key to Making Aortic Dmax Measures More Accurate and Reproducible

Two CT angiography (CTA) methods of measuring the maximum diameter (Dmax) of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) — multiplanar reformations based on orthogonal planes and semi-automated centerline flow analysis — can result in similar values as well as high concordance between readers. So concludes a Cleveland Clinic study conducted using standardized measurement protocols, recently published online in Annals of Vascular Surgery.

“The Dmax of an aneurysm is one of the most important factors determining a patient’s clinical course, and even small differences in values can have significant impact,” says senior author Francis Caputo, MD, a Cleveland Clinic vascular surgeon. “It’s critical that measurements are accurate and reproducible among different methods and by different readers of the images.”

Do different ways of measuring Dmax get the same results?

For patients with an AAA, when to intervene is based largely on Dmax. A variety of methods exist for obtaining this measure, but there is neither a consensus on which method is best nor standardized protocols for conducting measurements. This can lead to potentially clinically significant variability in values, depending on the reader and the method used.

Although ultrasonography is widely available and entails no radiation for measuring Dmax, it is less accurate than CTA.

Earlier studies used axial, coronal and sagittal slices to obtain Dmax, and axial measurements were once favored as the gold standard. “These methods are now deemed inadequate, however, because of significant intra- and interobserver variability and the fact that they may not accurately capture true dimensions in tortuous vessels,” says study co-author and Cleveland Clinic vascular surgeon Jarrad Rowse, MD.

Currently, two CTA methods of measuring Dmax are commonly used:

• Multiplanar reformations based on orthogonal planes manually adjusted perpendicular to the course of the aorta
• 3D semi-automated centerline analysis, with measurements based on the perpendicular cross sections to the abdominal aortic lumen centerline of flow

The recent Cleveland Clinic study was designed to evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of results obtained with these two CTA methods.

Study design

A retrospective chart review was conducted of adult patients with an AAA (maximum diameter in any direction > 35 mm) who had been followed by CTA at Cleveland Clinic during 2019.

Dmax was measured using existing pre-intervention images (using multiplanar reformations based on orthogonal planes and semi-automated centerline analysis; see Figures 1 and 2) by a vascular surgeon, a radiologist and an imaging cardiologist. Each reader used a standardized protocol for obtaining Dmax with both methods and repeated the process after several weeks to evaluate intraobserver consistency.

Image content: This image is available to view online.

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Figure 1. Multiplanar reformation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

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Figure 2. 3D volume rendering showing straightening of the aorta to provide the centerline.

Obtained values were also compared with the original radiology reports from Cleveland Clinic or outside hospitals.

Various statistical methods were employed to analyze inter- and intraobserver results, evaluate concordances between the different methods, and compare obtained values with the original clinical reports. A 3-mm threshold was used to define concordance.

Results

Mean age of the cohort was 75 years (range, 47-90); 81% of patients were male, and more than 90% were white. Dmax was measured in 148 AAAs, with diameters ranging from 3.8 to 9.6 cm.

The protocolized methods resulted in high agreement, as follows:

• Individual reader (intraobserver) concordances between the two methods ranged from 89% to 94%.
• Between readers, orthogonal readings were in agreement 87% to 92% of the time.
• Between readers, centerline readings were in agreement 88% to 94% of the time.

Notably, the differences in concordance were not statistically significant between readers nor between methods, and no discordances were greater than 5 mm.

In the original radiology reports, Dmax was measured using axial, sagittal and coronal imaging. The following concordance rates were observed:

• 82% to 89% between the prior Cleveland Clinic report and orthogonal measurements
• 81% to 91% between the prior Cleveland Clinic report and centerline measurements
• 50% to 80% between the outside hospital report and orthogonal measurements
• 40% to 70% between the outside hospital report and centerline measurements

Goal: Making Dmax measurements accurate, reproducible

The authors stress the following points from this study:

• Multiplanar reformation orthogonal plane and semi-automated centerline flow methods of measuring Dmax can result in similar values with low variability. Other studies have found that the semi-automated technique leads to higher agreement between readers than manual multiplanar reformation methods. That was not the case in this study, however, which demonstrates that standardization and defined measurements reduce variations of free measurements.
• Discordances between a high-volume center and community practices can be high. This underscores the need for measurement by experienced vascular imaging experts and for protocolizing and standardizing methods.
• Less than 3 mm variability between methods and readers is important. Although other studies use a 5-mm threshold, the more stringent threshold of ≤ 3 mm was used for this study, considering that management decisions can be very different within the 5-mm range. The authors urge that 3 mm should be used as the standard threshold in other clinical studies.

“This study underscores opportunities in precise measurement of aortic dimensions in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms,” observes cardiovascular imaging specialist Milind Desai, MD, MBA, Director of Clinical Operations in Cleveland Clinic’s Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, who was not involved in the study. “It highlights the importance of orthogonal reconstruction of the 3D dataset for reproducible measurements by experienced imagers.”

“Accurate and reproducible methods for measuring Dmax should be obtainable with recent advancements in CTA imaging and post-processing methods,” Dr. Caputo concludes. “Standardization of obtaining Dmax and providing defined measurements are paramount within and between institutions.”