Shared Medical Appointments for Depression and Anxiety: Do They Measure Up to Traditional Visits?

Shared medical appointments have been shown to produce patient outcomes at least as good as those with individual medical appointments for diabetes and other chronic diseases, but what about their effectiveness for depression and anxiety disorders in women?

That was a question psychiatrist Lilian Gonsalves, MD, and her Cleveland Clinic colleagues could find no answer to in the published literature, so they conducted the first known comparative study of this issue and presented findings as a poster at the annual meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine in late 2015.

A history of SMAs in behavioral health

Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Behavioral Health has offered shared medical appointments (SMAs) — a series of one-on-one encounters with patients in a group setting — as an alternative to individual medical appointments for women with depression and anxiety disorders since 2003 (see Figure).

“Although SMAs are not attractive to all patients with these conditions, the SMA model offers advantages in terms of peer support and the ability to schedule appointments sooner, along with greater efficiency for the healthcare system,” explains Dr. Gonsalves. “While most of our SMA participants have long reported high levels of satisfaction with the model, no analysis of patient outcomes using validated assessments of depression and anxiety symptoms had been done.”

Figure. Pictorial of the essentials of Cleveland Clinic’s shared medical appointments (SMAs) for women with depression and anxiety disorders.

Time for formal assessment

To fill that gap, Dr. Gonsalves and colleagues designed a comparative analysis to test the hypothesis that change scores on two established mental health instruments over the course of a year of treatment would be noninferior or better among women attending SMAs relative to women treated via individual medical appointments. The two scales used were the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder assessment (GAD-7).

The study involved 95 women (mean age, 44.9 ± 13.0 years) with depression or anxiety treated at Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Behavioral Health for at least one year following initial evaluation, either by attending SMAs (n = 62) or through individual appointments (n = 33). Women who attended both SMAs and individual appointments in the year following initial evaluation were excluded.

The two groups were generally comparable in patient and demographic characteristics, including the proportion of patients with depression (about three-quarters) versus anxiety disorder (about one-quarter). Notable differences were in the median number of visits during the study period (13 in the SMA group versus 8 in the individual appointment group) and the prevalence of a bipolar disorder diagnosis (11 percent of the SMA group versus 0 in the individual appointment group). Although not assessed statistically, use of neuropsychiatric medications was similar between groups, with comparable proportions of patients in each group receiving the most commonly used drug classes.

All study participants completed the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 instruments at each appointment, and scores were retrospectively reviewed along with demographic and psychiatric data from patient charts.

Findings and implications

Key results included the following:

• Median PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores for the entire sample improved over the course of one year in both treatment groups.
• Change scores among women attending SMAs were noninferior (using a prespecified margin) to those among women who attended individual appointments on both the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 (P ≤ .001 for noninferiority for both).

“These results suggest that SMAs are at least as effective as individual appointments in the management of depression and anxiety symptoms in women,” says co-investigator Katherine Taljan, MD, a 2016 graduate of Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine who presented the findings with Dr. Gonsalves. A full-length study report is in development for peer-reviewed publication.

The researchers pointed out the following study limitations:

• The sample consisted largely of middle-aged white women who were predominantly married or partnered and had mild to moderate symptoms, which may limit applicability of the findings.
• Results were obtained from patients receiving care from a single psychiatrist, which again may limit applicability even while it may have helped ensure consistency of treatment across the study.

“Further research involving a variety of providers and more diverse patient populations is needed to provide more comprehensive understanding of the relative effectiveness of SMAs and individual medical appointments in psychiatry,” Dr. Gonsalves notes.